Why were the major cities of Britain bombed by the Germans in 1940-41?

The Blitz (abbreviated from the German word Blitzkrieg meaning lightning war) was a timeframe when Germany completed air assaults on significant urban areas in Britain. The principle explanation behind the Blitz was that Hitler needed to attack. The Blitz started on the seventh September 1940 with London being the principal city assaulted. London was bombarded for 56 sequential evenings after that. This was on the grounds that London is a thickly populated region and the Germans realized that it would cause demolition and upset for an immense scope. Specifically the aircraft concentrated on the East End as it was home to docks and processing plants. Different places in London were likewise hit, for example, Buckingham Palace and St Paul's Cathedral. This would have made a few people extremely distressed as these structures were a piece of Britain's history and what had been devastated of them couldn't be supplanted. Just as London, towns in the south of England, for example, Southampton, Bristol and Portsmouth were focused on and assaulted as a result of their dockyards. Without moors England would be not able to send or get anything in ships abroad. This would have caused destruction with the economy, as imperative assets would have been limited. Hitler likewise set out for framework and industrial facilities to be bombarded in such a case that streets, railroads, structures and production lines had been demolished. England's industry would endure colossally. Materials to make weapons and military vehicles would be scant and s this would have a thump on impact on Britain's advancement in the war. Albeit countless urban areas by the coast were hit, the Midlands were additionally crushed, especially Coventry in November 1940. In the North West, Manchester was assaulted intensely in December 1940, however it was Liverpool that was the casualty of the greatest attack on a territory city. Related to structures being wrecked, Hitler likewise needed the resolve of the British to be broken. In September alone, more than 40,000 individuals seven days lost their homes, their legacy and their recollections. 4500 individuals were murdered in November and just in London 12,500 individuals kicks the bucket in December. Hitler needed to squash the British drive so much that they would surrender completely and give up. As a concentrate from Goebbels journal on the first November 1940 peruses, ‘The Fuhrer plans to continue pounding the British until they break'. The British regular people lived in dread that their towns would be besieged. Around evening time the power outages were set up. Indoor lights, streetlights and headlights must be off or secured so they couldn't be seen from above. This would make it progressively hard for the planes overhead to find their objective. Best case scenario, individuals needed to depend on living in the underground railroads which were stuffed and which were soiled. Somewhere else individuals took cover was houses of worship as a first aider on the fourteenth September 1940 stated, ‘ People felt that no place would be more secure than under the insurance of the congregation. Hitler however that if the jobless, destitute, shriveled individuals of Britain lost their soul and confidence in the Government, at that point they would walk out on the British war exertion thus Germany would win.

Teacher and School Essay Example for Free

Educator and School Essay Control is the thing that empowers us to finish our every day activities and practices. We realize that on the off chance that we go anyplace around the globe we must be restrained. Control is the best way to keep us truly just as intellectually fit. The most significant control of an individual is to be straightforward, moral and certain about both home and in separate premises. Control at school: * We need to come normal in the school. * We should come to class on schedule. * We should demonstrate regard to other people and ourselves. * We ought to adhere to the standards and guidelines of the school and should take obligations of our activity. * We should not acquire anything school that can be destructive or not permitted. * We should comply with our educators. * We should bring our character card routinely and must not keep any classwork inadequate. * If we don't see any exercise we should request that the educators help us by and by. * We should help other people with their own works when inquired. * We should keep our school uniform perfect and clean. * We should get our work done routinely. * We should mastermind the seats and switch off the fans and lights by the day's end of school. * In study hall we should tune in to what our instructors state and stop them who upsets in the class. * We additionally should assist the instructors with their errand at whatever point inquired. * We should not upset the educators or anybody in the class. * In school we should not squabble or quarrel over anything in the class or anyplace in school. On the off chance that anything occurs in the class or school even with a little issue, we ought to examine it with the educator. * If unintentionally anybody else’s duplicate or other stuff accompanies us and we realize that it is others’ duplicate we should considerately return it back. * If we have done any confuse then we ought to apologize with the error to the educator. Last yet not the least, we ought to consistently be well mannered and demonstrate disputes to the older folks, youngers and to our schoolmates. Trains at home: Home is the main spot where we get the opportunity to find out about the self-control and essential ethics. In home we likewise have a few duties to satisfy. Those are: * The primary obligation which must be kept up at home is to regard our folks and seniors. * It is our duty to keep our home slick and clean. * We should deal with our grandparents and everybody in our home and serve them to whatever they need. * We should attempt to do our works without anyone else. * We should keep up harmony by helping out one another without quarreling or battling. * At home we should clean the house gear. * We additionally should plant the plants and trees routinely in the nursery. * We should get the unused things and keep them in the best possible spot. * We should assist our mom with doing the family inconveniences. * We should wash our own fabrics appropriately. * We should assist the others with their work at whatever point inquired. * We should tidy up what we drop subsequent to eating. * If we make our room messy and chaotic, it is our anxiety to keep it clean. * Also we should spare water, power, gas and other normal saves as much as could be expected under the circumstances. To appreciate great wellbeing, to carry genuine bliss to ones family, to carry harmony to each of the, one should initially train and control ones own psyche. On the off chance that a man can control his psyche he can discover the best approach to guidance, and all shrewdness and ideals will normally come to him. We realize that in home we speak to our school and in school we speak to our home. So it is essential to be trained all over the place. Order at school and at home Name: Tasnim Ferdous. Class: ViiRoll no: 24Sec: Blue.

Simplify your College Admission Essay TKG

Simplify your College Admission Essay By: Caroline KoppelmanThere’s an episode of Friends where Monica and Chandler need a letter of recommendation for an adoption service. Joey volunteers to write the letter but becomes flustered. He tells Ross, “I want it to sound smart, but I don’t know any big words or anything!” Ross shows him the thesaurus and Joey proceeds to pick the “smartest sounding” word for every single word in his letter.  Like Joey, students writing their college essays share the common misconception that the bigger the words they use, the smarter their essay will sound. We want our students to know that the admissions committee is more focused on content than wording. They want to be able to hear your voice, not the recommended suggestions of your online thesaurus. There’s no reason to feel like you should take out your SAT vocab book and start adding those words to your essay. Although you might think it’ll make you sound smarter, there is no direct correlation between intelligence and hi gh diction.  A better approach to conveying your intelligence is coming up with an interesting theme and then writing about it in an intriguingly simple way that shows the reader the real you. Being “simple” does not mean you are under qualified or unintelligent. Instead, it shows self control and the fact that you have developed a complex idea and then delivered it in a manner that was informative and easy to follow.  One of the greatest transcendentalist writers said “simplicity, simplicity, simplicity” and that is the exact mindset you should embrace while writing your college essay. You should try and stay away from these 3 myths about how to sound smart in a college essay.The longer the sentences, the more complex your writing sounds.  Wrong. While writing complex sentences you start to lose the subject and get lost in what you are trying to communicate. When writing your college essays you should focus on being direct and effective. You have a word limit, which means t hat you want to make the most of the space you’re given. Don’t waste it on attempting to sound advanced.Bigger words mean you’re smarter than your peers.  The reader can see right through your attempts to replace “easy” words with more complex ones. It’s your job to treat the essay as the most authentic and genuine piece of your application. You want the essay to show the reader who you are. Keep the thesaurus closed and the test-prep books out of it; you’ll be fine with the words you already know.The most complex theme will show the reader that you are profound and deep.  Sometimes your best idea for what to write about might be your simplest one. You don’t need to choose the theme that seems like it would be most impressive. There are many options for the topic for a reason. Choose the theme that best suits you.When it comes down to it, we want you to remember that the essay is just a platform for the reader to get a better sense of you. Don’t be like Joey who co mpletely changed his own writing to make himself sound more intelligent. In doing so, he lost his voice within the writing and sacrificed his credibility. There’s no need to be stressed over “sounding smart.” Don’t waste the opportunity to show the reader who you are just because you want to sound like a more knowledgeable version of yourself.

A Brief Note On The Aids And Its Effects On The Body

Ergogenic aids are any foreign products taken by athletes to enhance their physical performance or endurance during physical exercise. Ergogenic aids are formulated to positively alter the physiological process in the body thus offering an advantage edge to the user. These aids may include drugs that enhance performance or even supplements formulated for sporting athletes and are divided into three categories including mental, physiological and mechanical factors (Liddle, 2013). Mechanical factors are intended bring about lighter weight thus reduce friction while improving aerodynamics, physiological factors on the other hand are the nutritional or the pharmacological components of the aids while the mental factors involve psychological†¦show more content†¦This unconventional use of androgenic steroids is what is commonly referred to as doping or the Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED). The effects of the steroids on an athlete’s body is a topic that draws controversies and debate as many people always want to further understand their advantages as opposed to their disadvantages. In the very basic terms, steroids can have the ability or rather a potential to drastically change the human body and its various biological functions, which include their ability to remarkably improve the athletic performance in specific instances. Anabolic steroids just like the testosterone treatment is known to offer benefits such as increased muscle strength, the users body size and their healing rate (Liddle, 2013). As it is known, using both scientific documentation and anecdotally, the use of steroids will increase muscle strength. Recent studies have illustrated the muscle building strengths from the effects of performance-enhancing drugs. Testosterone Enanthate, which happens to be the most commonly, used or abused form of testosterone was able to increase the bench press s trength and also the cycling performance in a test involving healthy subjects compared to the placebo (Roelands, 2013). The previous research documentations had shown that these

Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller - 918 Words

The American Dream has always been this ideal of a person achieving the ultimate success of owning a house and being able to financially provide for their family . The general idea of the American Dream for almost every person is to be economically stable. Many have tried for years to try and make their American Dream a reality but many have failed due to mistaken views on how to achieve such dreams. In the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller the concept of the American Dream is depicted through the eyes of the character, Willy Loman. Willy Loman, is portrayed as a person who is utterly blinded by his beliefs on how things should be that it can lead to his failure. Willy has the wrong views on how to achieve his dream so much so that it ultimately leads to his demise. The general idea of the American Dream is to be economically stable and being able to support one s family. The obsession of having more and more money may sometimes overwhelm a person and delude them into believing that that is what truly is important in their life. Having an overabundance of money is very important to Willy and he believes that if a person has a lot of money they have achieved success. Willy even tells Linda that â€Å"†¦[he] get[s] the feeling that [he’ll] never sell anything again, that [he] won’t [make] a living for [Linda]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (38). Willy believes that the only thing that matters in life is making money in order to have it. Being rich is the American Dream for Willy and not havingShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic p owerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepr esents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthur Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in this play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotle’s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certainRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he no tices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, who

Heroism In Oedipus The King And The Odyssey - 1132 Words

Brady Stobbe Dr. Dutch October 17 Heroism in Oedipus the King and The Odyssey Life is filled with a multitude of challenges and obstacles; in this case, life is often defined in relation to the ability if an individual to overcome and defeat such things. Aspects of heroism are evident in the situations and events that arise in the life of someone. This essay dives into the element of heroism that is evident is the stories: Oedipus the King and The Odyssey. Oedipus the King and The Odyssey share a multitude of similarities, with the most evident one being heroism. These two stories are both considered epic tales, which to say the least, means that they have been passed down thousands of generations. While the main goal is entertainment,†¦show more content†¦His concern for his people can be found in his reference to them as his children. His efforts as a king are directed at ensuring that fighting and overcoming evil, an element that depicts his love for his people. Oedipus heroism is to be found in his dedication to his people and kingdom. With plague, he cannot find peace of mind, as he tries to find the cause of suffering for his people. In one incident, he is described as a Surest in mortal ways and wisest in the ways of god (pg.),† by a priest he decides to visit. Not only has he been able to solve the Sphinx’s riddle but has also managed to save his subjects from the monster. Focusing on the Odysseus, several other things do appear in relation to heroism. Odysseus heroisms found in his ability to help Greece defeat the Trojans, and more importantly in his ability to ride every war that comes his way. During their lives, these heroes must transcend a great deal of obstacles to attain both their initial and final goals. Odysseus manages to turn each of his encounters into a heroic tale. Using his intelligence on many occasions, he manages to create opportunities for his escape alongside many his men. His numerous escapes, ranging from Cyclops to Polyphemus all highlight not only his intelligence but also his dedication to his men and team. Having played his role in the defeat of Troy, Odysseus sets out on sail back to Ithaca, a journey would notShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf854 Words   |  4 PagesGilgamesh†, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, â€Å"The Odyssey†, and â€Å"Beowulf†, the readers notice how society defines each main character by their heroic characteristics, the relationship between the humans and the divine, and the differences of how each hero’s journey ends. Gilgamesh, Oedipus, Odysseus, and Beowulf display several characteristics classifying themselves as heroes. In the story of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is â€Å"two-thirds divine and one-third human† (Gilgamesh, par 2). He displays heroism, perseveranceRead MoreOedipous Rex vs. the Odyssey Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesHeroism and Hell   Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus and Odysseus are two of many widely recognized characters known for their outstanding, and, at times, tragic stories. The Odyssey, by Homer, is an Epic poem about the great journey of Odysseus and his perilous journey home to Ithaca. Oedipus the King, by Sophocles, is a Greek play about Oedipus’ self-discovery and fulfillment of a prophecy in which he hopes to avoid. While the stories share many similarities and qualities, they also reveal significant differences inRead MoreOdesseus and Gilgamesh Essay1859 Words   |  8 Pagesare numerous ideas which can be captured and conceived according to the reviewer and very good examples of such literary work are Mythological tales. Most commonly renowned mythological work is of â€Å"Homers Odyssey† and the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† with major emphasis on the tentative issue of â€Å"heroism†. Odysseus belonged to mainland Europe and Gilgamesh Epic is Middle Eastern work with Gilgamesh’ s tale having been written on twelve tablets of clay. Both these tales are folklore and are considered an EpicRead MoreAn Analysis of Oedipus and Aristotles Definition of the Tragic Hero2569 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿An Analysis of Oedipus and Aristotles Definition of the Tragic Hero Introduction In the Poetics, Aristotle provides an outline of how the artist is to portray or represent the perfect Tragedy. A Tragedy, of course, was nothing more than a drama, in which the characters appeared better than in real life (in a comedy, they appeared worse, according to Aristotle). Aristotles Poetics makes several references to other dramatic works to illustrate his points, but he most commonly calls uponRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essays3980 Words   |  16 PagesMythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    Professor Goodell says: â€Å"Given an old myth to be dramatized, Sophocles’ primary question was, ‘Just what sort of people were they, must they have been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    The Greek Sophoclean tragedy Oedipus Rex is based on a myth fromRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay examples4094 Words   |  17 PagesMythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The Oedipus Legend† Bernard M. W. Knox talks of the advantages accruing to Sophocles as a user of myths in his dramas:    The myths he used gave to his plays, without any effort on his part, some of those larger dimensions of authority which the modern dramatist must create out of nothing if his play is to be more than a passing entertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of anRead More Importance of the Telemachy in Developing Major Themes of Odyssey3687 Words   |  15 PagesThe Importance of the Telemachy in Developing Major Themes of Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚   As we begin to read the Odyssey, one of the surprising facts is that we do not meet the famed hero until we are well into Book V, on Calypsos island of Ogygia. However, during these introductory four books, we learn of the situation in Ithaca, Odysseus plight, some of the most important themes of the story and of course Odysseus son Telemachus. Homer keeps us in suspense, building the reputation of Odysseus by theRead MoreAncient Greek Culture2704 Words   |  11 PagesTwo of the most famous epic poems were written by Homer entitled â€Å"Iliad† which tells about the Trojan War and the â€Å"Odyssey† which tells about the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus when he returns home after the fall of Troy. On the other hand, lyric poetry was used primarily with the accompaniment of a lyre. Most lyric poetry told about personal feelings rather than acts of heroism. Another type of literature was the drama. There were three great playwrights: Aeschylus, Sopho cles, and Euripides

Galileo Galilei free essay sample

This short biography of Galileo talks about his early years and his achievements. This paper explains why Galileo Galilei, one of the most well-known astronomers and mathematicians, was one of the most controversial people of his time. In the years to follow Galileo contributed much to the mathematic and scientific field. In 1609, Galileo was able to observe a Dutch mans invention, which Galileo would much be remembered for. This was the first telescope. Using his great technical and mathematical skill Galileo improved the telescope greatly. He also began to look at the sky with it. He wrote down his observations in a book he called Message From the Stars. Galileo also did much on free fall and even published some books on the subject. In his later years Galileo studied motion and strength of objects. He wrote a book on this called Discoveries on Two New Sciences. The book had to be smuggled out of Italy because at this time Galileo was forbid by law to publish any more books. We will write a custom essay sample on Galileo Galilei or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Critical Response to Patrick Sharkeys Stuck In Place

Although much attention is paid today to the problems of developing the democratic and just society in the USA, it is almost impossible to reject the fact that racial inequality is in a constant progress in the country, and it can appear in different forms.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Critical Response to Patrick Sharkey’s Stuck In Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his work Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress toward Racial Equality, Patrick Sharkey provides facts to support the idea that the obvious racial inequality exists, especially in the urban neighborhoods, leading to the unstopped development of the phenomenon. Thus, Sharkey focuses on the importance of places in the development of racial inequality and on the impact of urban neighborhoods on several generations growing at these territories. Focusing on the reliable arguments provided by the author, the reader can agree that effective durable urban policies are necessary in order to break the chain and reduce the negative impact of the neighborhoods on generations. However, the author’s argument can be discussed as rather controversial. Sharkey states that the era of the civil rights movements ended with doubtful positive results because the situation of segregation and inequality continued to intensify, and African Americans were legally isolated in the urban neighborhoods having less social and economic opportunities in comparison with the white population of the country (Sharkey 47). In spite of the fact that the author provides evidences to support his ideas and draws conclusions with references to the statistical data, Sharkey’s opinions make the reader rethink such positive results of the civil rights movements as voting rights and affirmative action from the other perspective.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, certain achievements of the movement were available only for individuals when the thousands of blacks continued to live in ghettos. According to Sharkey, the ghetto of the 1940s â€Å"was a place where all classes of African-American families were forced to live, the ghetto of the 1980s was a place where the most impoverished African-Americans had been abandoned† (Sharkey 25). From this point, being isolated in these places, African Americans became even more far from the social equality than they were before the era of civil rights movements. The social isolation of the certain groups of people without the necessary funding cannot lead to the improvement of the general social situation in the country. People living in the urban neighborhoods suffer from the constant unemployment, poor housing, poor living conditions, discrimination, and the absence of equal rights for receiving good education (Sharkey 33-35 ). The situation can be worsened with references to the lack of necessary reforms in urban policies and investing into these territories. The book by Sharkey is influential because it adds to the discussion of the problem of racism in the USA.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Critical Response to Patrick Sharkey’s Stuck In Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the racial inequality is not overcome during the decades after the civil rights movements, and the situation remains unchanged for the thousands of young people who are brought up in the urban neighborhoods. Sharkey pays attention to the â€Å"generation of children who inherited racial inequality from a previous era and reproduced this inequality in their own lifetimes† (Sharkey 6). From this point, racial inequality becomes typical for these territories, and there are no opportunities for the next generations to break the ch ain. Young people continue to follow the life patterns characteristic for the life of their parents because there are no real opportunities to receive the education equal to that one outside the urban neighborhoods. On the one hand, poor neighborhoods should not become the barriers before young blacks living there because all the Americans are equal. On the other hand, African Americans are the victims of the social and political situation. The author’s arguments can be discussed as convincing because evidences for them are observable in relation to the everyday life. The life of young African Americans is affected in relation to all the spheres, they have lower test scores, cannot receive the appropriate higher education, and cannot be employed successfully.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to understand the fact that African Americans are discriminated significantly while being isolated in ghettos. Sharkey states that social problems that â€Å"characterize poor, segregated urban neighborhoods have not arisen because of any character deficiencies of low-income African Americans or other ethnic minorities† (Sharkey 23). Thus, segregation was the result of discriminating policies. Many social problems emerged because of â€Å"a combination of economic and political disinvestment in urban neighborhoods† (Sharkey 23). The strength of the book is in referring to the changes in the urban policies and provision of social mobility for African Americans living in ghettos as to the ways of coping with the racial discrimination. These policies can change the whole situation and help in stating equality according to the principles of a just society. The situation can be changed with the help of providing people living in ghettos with more social mobi lity, more chances, and more equality. Sharkey proposes focusing on a specific durable urban policy which should be realized gradually in order to result in positive changes (Sharkey 23, 168). The author defines the durable urban policy as the policy with the capacity â€Å"to create changes that persist across generations of families, and policies that are less vulnerable to the changing political mood in Washington or to the fluctuations of the business cycle† (Sharkey 23). Thus, social equality is possible when the vision of this idea does not depend on the political changes. The reader can agree with the statement that â€Å"any form of discrimination in the housing and lending market must be challenged aggressively† (Sharkey 178). Nevertheless, despite the planned actions proposed by the author, the realization of the policy can become a challenging process because policy makers were inclined to be blind to the hidden discrimination and inequality during decades. The arguments and data provided by Sharkey in his book allow speaking about the development of the catastrophic tendency which leads to intensifying the racial discrimination instead of supporting the idea of equality. In his book, Sharkey presents the logical discussion of the problem of the urban neighborhoods in relation to their impact on the generations of the African Americans living in societies which â€Å"remained ‘hypersegregated’† (Sharkey 25). Thus, the author’s ideas are significant to examine the problem of discrimination with references to the role of poor neighborhoods and social isolation. Focusing on this aspect, it is possible to make first steps in overcoming the problem. The American people are used to focus on the idea that the American society provides equal opportunities for all the population in spite of differences. In reality, equality remains to be rather mythic. Sharkey’s book is interesting and influential because the a uthor discusses the problem of inequality with references to the urban neighborhoods where thousands of African Americans have to live because of the ineffective urban policies. The connection between the environments and the aspects of the African Americans’ life in ghettos was discussed as the controversial point during a long period of time. In his book, Sharkey focuses on this connection and states that the negative environments can provoke the negative aspects of the people’s social life. From this point, the effective urban policy can contribute to changing the situation for better. It is possible to agree with Sharkey’s position because the author’s arguments are logical, they are supported with the relevant and credible data. Works Cited Sharkey, Patrick. Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress toward Racial Equality. USA: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Print. This book review on The Critical Response to Patrick Sharkey’s Stuck In Place was written and submitted by user Nancy L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Classification Essay on Agricultural Economics

How to Write a Classification Essay on Agricultural Economics The field of agricultural economics originated in the early parts of the twentieth century to deal with analysis of issues related to food resources, production, trade, and relationships between the agricultural sector and overall economy. Since it saw the light, this subject has deepened and broadened in scope. Therefore, what you learn during your course will not cover everything. That is why instructors tend to give assignments, motivating students to delve further in the subject. One of the assignments you may have to write is a classification essay. This academic piece of writing is exactly what it sounds like it classifies things into distinct groups/categories. You can classify Ideas, people, concepts, objects, approaches, or characteristics. For instance, you can classify according to: The influence of agricultural economics on different governmental policies (agricultural, food, environmental, etc.) Countries in which modern agriculture techniques have been successfully implemented The types of statistical techniques used for optimization of agricultural yield If you have been instructed to write a classification essay, you may have a tough time around it if this is your first time. Luckily, you are on the right page. Use the following sections to write a great essay which your teacher will enjoy reading and grade highly. Research and Pre-Writing The very first thing you need to do is come up with a great topic related to agricultural economics. This is something that most students have trouble with, which is why they prefer to have a topic assigned by the instructor. However, if you absolutely must come up with your own essay’s topic, you can refer to our handy list of 20 agricultural economic topics to write about for a classification essay. If you are still at a loss for ideas, check out our list of 10 facts on agricultural economics for a classification essay for inspiration. Once you have decided what you need to write about, you should start your research. Gather relevant facts and decide on an organizing principle to categorize things. This principle should be logical and must be relevant to all the categories. Each of these categories will later become a part of the main essay. Therefore, it is important to ensure that each item is a related component of your classification principle. If you include an irrelevant item, you will end up throwing off the balance of the entire essay. Once this is done, it is time to draft the essay. Introduction The first paragraph serves as the introduction to your essay. It contains the central idea (called a thesis) of your paper. Clearly state the topic, the classification principle you have used, and the categories you have delineated. You should also include a description of how your main points (which are written in the main body of the essay) are arranged. The ordering criteria can be best to worst, the most common to the most obscure, smallest component to the largest, chronological, etc. Follow this formula: Topic, Classification principle, [Category 1], [Category 2], [Category 3]. Main Body of the Essay The next task is to write the main body paragraphs. Each of these will deal with one main point. You can arrange these paragraphs in any logical manner you want. All main points must have equal importance and must not overlap between categories. Each point will be stated in its own dedicated paragraph. Support each category with examples and facts to lend credence to your point and illustrate your classification criteria sharply. Here is a formula for each body paragraph: State your point, then explain, [Example 1], [Example 2], [Example 3]. Usually, three to five body paragraphs should suffice. If your word requirement length is more, add more main points. Conclusion The next step is to summarize your essay in a conclusion paragraph. In this paragraph, clearly state the purpose of your classification, sum up your thesis, and tie up the different threads. You can even recommend a particular approach/idea/solution over others, but make sure to describe the reasoning behind your choice. Review and Editing Review your essay to check for logical and language inconsistencies. Make the necessary adjustments and then finalize the draft. Writing a classification essay on agricultural economics will be a lot easier if you follow these guidelines. Best of Luck!

Media for Marketing and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media for Marketing and Advertising - Essay Example The report includes a comprehensive SWOT analysis including charts and relevant diagrams. Also, this paper exhaustively examines the target market and their needs as well as any possible stumbling blocks that the company may encounter when dealing with this particular niche. In addition it conclusively discusses the marketing mix that is the product, the place, promotion and the price of the toy in the UK market. Company’s Overview Hangzhou Kebo factory limited was established in the year 2004 with the main aim of developing and producing better quality toys professionally as explained by Hangzhou Kebo Toy Factory INC. Their toys are aimed at promoting creativity in children and have a high education value. Since then the company has spread its wings to countries outside Asia to as far as Europe. As a matter of fact, the company claims to export up to 80% of what they manufacture. Their biggest importers are the United States of America, Australia, Japan, West Europe and Korea where they have managed to attain a significant market share in these particular countries. The company takes pride in the quality as well as creativity of their products not to mention their expanding popularity. Hangzhou Kebo factory limited boasts of producing many major products including; educational toys, plastic toys, wooden toys and promotional gifts. Toys exported from China The graph above shows the value of toys exported from China. ... The products are designed to assist children to learn about different colours and shapes as well as helping them develop their capability for logical thinking and keen observation. Additionally, their toys can help children learn scientific concepts and this helps to develop their creativity, flexibility, self- confidence and intelligence in their early years. Versatile products Not only can their products be used for games, they can also be used as teaching aides. This ensures that their users get to enjoy both sides of the coin without a hassle. This is both convenient and helps to save time. It also ensures that learning is fun and acts as a measure to avert boredom. Brand reputation Their products have reported high sales and have been well received by customers globally. The company has worked with some of the renowned games and toys producers including Wonderland in Thailand and HABA in Germany (Trader China 2011). The company has secured a considerable market share not only in Asia but also in the Middle- East, U. S. and Europe. Weaknesses The company faces a major challenge as it will be introducing a new brand in the market not just a new product (Alibaba.com 2011). Acquiring new customers will most likely prove to be difficult as the target market already has a brand of their choice (Brassington and Petit 2003). Therefore, it will take a lot of advertising and marketing to sway the customers to take up this new brand as the brand of their choice. The product’s characteristics do not differentiate as much from other existing products in the market. As such the company’s products, that is, the toys they manufacture may not be that different from those already in circulation (Trader China 2011). This will result in the company’s loss if

100 Years of Broadway Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

100 Years of Broadway - Assignment Example Broadway dates as ancient as Sophocles and Shakespeare eras, which translates to about three millennia. It forms the foundation of all drama. As a result, this American history can hardly be forgotten, despite the technological revolution in the film and television industries. When one mentions ‘Broadway’ in America, what comes to mind is not just the location, the history coupled with dreams and ideas. It represents a place where many great Americans had gathered and performed before, and still do to date. Because of this, many people identify with it as it saw the dreams of great Americans in theater and musicals come true (Everett & Laird, 2009: 200). To elaborate the cultural importance of Broadway, the best Broadway shows over the last one hundred years are recreated to honor this show. In his event, shows acted by great American personalities like Dreamgirls, Les Miserables and The Phantom of the Opera are redone. In musicals, ‘standard’ refers to thos e musicals that are older and more established compared to the rest. Just like contemporary musicals, standard musicals also help in propelling the story or action in theatrical performances. They assist the audience in understanding the flow of the performance. Examples are All that Jazz by Bob Fosse, and Oklahoma by Rodgers and Hammerstein. ‘World Blues’ refer to the celebration of the global influence of America’s blues (Spurrier, 1979). Standard musicals help the audience in understanding the flow of a performance.

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Example for Free

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Outline the learning theory explanation of attachments. The learning theory proposes that attachment behaviours are learnt through the imitation of the attachment figures meaning they are not innate. One explanation of how this happens is through Classical Conditioning. In the Learning Theory Classical Conditioning is the forming of an attachment through association. The Learning Theory states that when a baby is born they naturally want food. When the mother feeds the baby it automatically associates the food which is the primary reinforces with its mother who is the secondary reinforces. Therefore an attachment is formed with the mother because she is giving what the baby needs most. the mother feeding the baby when the baby cries will mean that the baby learns that crying will get them food which then makes the baby happy, the food is the unconditioned stimulus and the happiness from the child is the unconditioned response the primary care giver is the neutral stimulus, over time the baby will associate the mother with food and the presence of just the mother will make the baby happy, the mother is the conditioned stimulus and the baby being happy to see the mother is the conditioned response. Another explanation of how attachments are learned according to the Learning Theory is through Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning involves reinforcement or a reward to maintain a relationship. Dollard and Miller stated that all babies are born with a need to reduce feelings of hunger. When the mother feeds the baby it acts as a positive reinforcement or a reward on the behaviour of the baby. The reward that the baby receives is a positive reward and therefore the baby is likely to repeat the same behaviour to provoke the same response from the mother. This reinforces the attachment bond between mother and child because she is the one providing the food. Dollard Miller (1950) used the term secondary drive hypothesis to describe the processes of learning an attachment through operant and classical conditioning. Secondary drive hypothesis explains how primary drives which are essential for survival, such as eating when hungry, become associated with secondary drives such as emotional closeness. They extended the theory to explain that attachment is a two way process that the caregiver must also learn, and this occurs through negative reinforcement when the caregiver feels pleasure because the infant is no longer distressed.

Cigarette Smoking is a Costly and Deadly Habit! Essay -- Argumentative

Abstract Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Secondhand smoke causes numerous lung cancer deaths annually. Measures have been taken in both workplaces and public places to limit exposure to secondhand smoke. The economic cost of smokers to society is phenomenal- it includes monetary costs, lost workdays and shortened work lives. Many states are establishing and maintaining comprehensive tobacco-control programs to reduce tobacco use. They provide education to our youth to prevent them from ever starting and smoking cessation programs for individuals that currently wish to stop smoking. Education and support are known ways to eventually prevent smoking in the future. Efforts to increase the public perception of the harmful effects of tobacco must utilize a comprehensive approach that affects policy development, education strategies and health care systems. Smoking is becoming more and more unfashionable as time goes on. There are many studies conducted showing that secondhand smoke is a health hazard to both the smoker and anyone that relies on the same air supply, not to mention the unpleasantness and discomfort it causes those that do not smoke. The Environmental Protection Agency reports that it is estimated that secondhand smoke that emerges from exhaling and burning cigarettes causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 37,000 heart disease deaths in nonsmokers each year. (Nolo, 2002). According to a 1998 Gallop poll, 94% of Americans, including both smokers and nonsmokers, agree that companies should either ban or restrict smoking to properly ventilated areas. Another Gallop poll indicates that 95% of nonsmokers, and 69% of smokers, t hink California's ban on smoking in almost all workplaces is positive. Some companies are now refusing to hire anyone who admits to smoking on a job application because of higher healthcare insurance, absenteeism, unemployment insurance and workers' compensation insurance associated with these individuals. (Nolo, 2002). Those that do not smoke feel it is an infringement of what they consider to be a reasonable right not to have to breath other people’s cigarette smoke while at work. During the 1970’s the dangers of secondhand smoke were beginning to amass and a movement for nonsmokers emerged. When it was proven that secondhand smoke was ... ...ity and Mortality Weekly Report, Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction, (Vol. 43). No. RR-2. Lee, P.R. (1994). Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People, A Report of the Surgeon General, Retrieved June 7, 2002, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgryth2.htm. Nolo Law for All, (2002). Smoking in the Workplace: Still a Burning Issue, Retrieved May 16, 2002, from http://www.nolo.com.lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectID/5622E54E-4494-B†¦ Office of the Surgeon General, You Can Quit Smoking, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2002). Retrieved June 10, 2002, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/consquits.htm. State of Delaware, (2002, May 31). Governor Ruth Ann Minner Signs Landmark Ban on Smoking In Delaware's Indoor Public Areas, Retrieved June 4, 2002 from http://www.state.de.us/governor/news/2002/05May/053102-SB99.htm. University of Nevada, Reno, Robert Shubinski, M.D., (1999, March 9). Costs of Tobacco Use, Retrieved May 16, 2002 from http://unr.edu/homepage/subinsk/smokost1.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People, A Report of the Surgeon General, (1994).

Speech ananysis

Communications Workshop: Evaluating a Speech Speech Analysis Worksheet Content Purpose: Speaker's background knowledge: the purpose of this speech Is to rally hope for the citizens of Berlin. Influences (traditional, cultural, historical): JEFF is a historical influence. Listener's background knowledge: I do not have much back ground knowledge upon listening to this speech. Delivery: Repeated words: 1. Berlin 2. Let 3. Them 4. Come 5. Beyond Emphasized words/phrases: 1 .There are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we can work with the Communists. Let them come to Berlin 2. â€Å"There are some who say communism is the wave of the future, let them come to Berlin† 3. â€Å"All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride In the words â€Å"ICC bin nine Berliner†. 4. â€Å"ICC bin nine Berliners 5. † Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free† Tone: the tone of this speech is firm well thoughtWord choice (positive or negative language): positive, JEFF wants to give the people hope. Rate of speech (fast, moderate, slow): Moderate, although the rate increases when he is short on breath. Appropriateness for audience, subject, occasion: yes, I believe so because it has no vulgar language and the occasion and topic of this speech is rather inspiring. Eye contact: moderate, looking around a lot. Facial expressions: he looks determined throughout the speech.Gestures: hand gestures Pauses: yes, to make his speech more meaningful and dramatic. Increases or decreases in speaking volume: no not really, it is at the same volume throughout the whole speech. Overall Impression Speaker: I think JEFF was a brilliant speaker. His word choice is incredible. The way he produces this speech is amazing. Speech: I think the speech is understandable and very clear and it inspired many people and gave them hope as it was intended to do.

U.s. Economy Gains And Jobs - 944 Words

Article 6 – â€Å"U.S. Economy Gains 215,000 Jobs in March† The anecdotal explanation for the American economy for years has been that the number of jobs have increased but wages have not grown as rapidly. This held true again on Friday, April 1, 2016 as 215,000 jobs were added to the US economy. Because this amount exceeded the predicted 199,000 jobs, this gain was considered a healthy one. According to Jim O’Sullivan, chief U.S. economist at High Frequency Economics, wages grew a minuscular 2.3% compared to last year’s statistics. In the last two years, O’Sullivan states that millions of jobs have been added to the economy but wages have not followed. Typically, an increase in the number of jobs will result in an increase in wages. March’s wage growth is especially disappointing as wage growth had reached 2.6% last year, only to fall to 2.3% this year. U.S. Deputy Secretary of Labor Chris Lu believes that â€Å"Wages are the unfinished business of the recovery. Clearly we need to do more on that front.â €  The unemployment rate rose from 4.9% to 5%. This is usually indicative of the return of employees to the job market. This is a positive sign. In part, the second-rate wage growth is due to the number of employees seeking full-time employment but can only secure part-time employment. â€Å"Involuntary† part-timers increase slightly in March from 6 million to 6.1 million. This explains the high underemployment. Underemployment is derived by combining unemploymentShow MoreRelatedU.s. Balance Of Payment Deficit1425 Words   |  6 PagesSustainability of U.S. Balance of Payment Deficit The U.S. has been running a trade deficit consistently since the early 1980s. There have been minor recessions from 1980 to 2008. The Great Recession starting as a result of complex financial products, which masked debt risk (McGahey, 2014). The Great Recession was not a result of trade deficit itself. The question naturally arises; can the U.S. maintain trade deficits indefinitely? Overall, Carbaugh argues that there is no economic reasonRead MoreIllegal Immigrants in the United States613 Words   |  3 Pagesworkplace enforcement to the legalization of workers who are already here. Using the U.S. Applied General Equilibrium, it’s possible to weigh in the impact on such factors like public revenues and expenditures, the occupational mix and total employment of U.S. workers, the amount of capital owned by U.S households, and price levels for imports and exports. Legalization of immigrant workers would yield significant income gains for American workers and househo lds. It would also allow immigrants to have higherRead MoreUnited States Economy Is The Envy Of The World1132 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Economy The United States is not only one of the largest economies in the world, but it is also one of the strongest economies compared to industrialized countries, and this has been proven in the last few years. Despite of what many people believe or see, U.S economy is booming and it will continue to boom during the year 2015. In the article â€Å"When the U.S Economy is the Envy of the World,† published by the MSNBC on December 8, 2014, its author Steve Benen argues about the U.S economicRead MoreU.s. Gross Domestic Product993 Words   |  4 Pagesthat U.S. manufacturing is shrinking and all the jobs are gone into oversea because of what they heard from media or some reasonable stories such a massive job lost in about a decade ago, and the rapid growth of other competitiveness countries like China. 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The successes listed above, also appeared in the United States and Mexico, which impacted our country. For every job that was created for them, some were lost elsewhere. Ontario, in result of jobs created elsewhere,: Lost hundreds of thousands of good manufacturing jobs. Those jobs went to States in the U.S. where unions are made weak by legislation, and to Mexico where unions are made weak by free trade zones where union rights are virtually nonexistent. FormerlyRead MoreIllegal Immigration Should Not Be Illegal1722 Words   |  7 Pagesillegally. There has been the same amount of opportunities as there are obstacles to overcome. Immigration at the U.S. and Mexican border has been a hot topic for decades now. Illegal immigration has not completely shown positive or negative effects on the economy, but more of a combination of the two. Illegal immigrants come to the U.S. to seek for better jobs, they tend to accept any job they are offered. For example, â€Å"[...] illegals can be paid a lower overall hourly wage than American workers but

An Interpretation of a Rose for Emily from a Feminist...

An Interpretation of A Rose for Emily From a Feminist Perspective William Faulkner is one of the greatest American novelists of the 20th century. And A Rose for Emily is a masterpiece of his short fictions. It is a novel with a predominant motif of love, even though it is neither passionate nor romantic but some sort of cruel and hysterical mixed with a strong sense of ambivalence. You can not help read the whole story with breathless interest and tend to read it one more time, also you are eager to tell the entire story to others though the ending is painful. And I intend to interpret the short novel from a feminist perspective and analyze the social roots that results in the tragedy of Emily, and points out that Emily is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks Club--that he was not a marrying man.† ï ¼Ë†chapter4ï ¼â€°declares that Homer will leave this town when the project is finished, and he is not likely to aba ndon his life for Emily. Confronted with this dilemma, Emily chooses a radical way to keep her love eternally as a result of the rupture of her yearns for love. On the other hand, the short novel is set on the background of the civil war, feudalism has gradually degenerated and capitalism springs up. Therefore, southern plantation economy has inevitably assaulted by industrialization. The southern aristocratic tenaciously defends the tumultuous reality and miss the former glories; therefore, they want to impede the advancement of the society. Naturally, Miss Emily has become an important part of the tradition.† Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town,† (chapter1). The reason why Emily is respected and revered is that she shoulders the responsibility of conducting a symbolism of rule and culture of that time, and she is regarded as a spiritual footstone of the shattered desolate southern part, which deprive d Emily of her autonomy. When Emily is looking for love, â€Å"Then some of the ladies began to say that it was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour And A Rose For Emily Literary Analysis1297 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins The Story of an Hour and William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily tells the story of women who face isolation and struggle with their own terms of freedom upon the death of a male figure in their life. 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Why We Should Find Out Before Moving - 1853 Words

â€Å"We are moving to America† my parents told me. As soon as my parents told me that we were moving, I was excited and couldn’t wait to move. I was excited because I would get to move to a new house and what kid wouldn’t want to move to a different house. Though I did not knew anything about America I couldn’t wait to move. Moving to a different place is always exciting because there are new and exciting experience to have. All countries have their own culture, with their own unique foods, music, religions and probably the most important thing that people should find out before moving, is what the language that is spoken in that country. All those thing maybe different than what the people that is moving are accustom to and that’s when they find themselves between two cultures. All people that move will interact with people from other cultures, but there are people who find themselves between two cultures already, because the parents immigrated to another country and they teach their children about the culture. Parent teach their children about the culture that they left behind when they moved, because they want their children to have the same experience that they did. There are also those that find themselves between two cultures not because their parents came from a different culture, but because they married someone with a different culture then their own Moving to a different country the culture may seem different and weird, the food may look a little bit different and theShow MoreRelatedPhysics Of A Physics Experiment930 Words   |  4 Pagesphysics theorem. It should be rigorous and carefully designed even if the experiment is dealing with a shallow thing. 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Population Problem in Bangladesh Essay Example For Students

Population Problem in Bangladesh Essay The Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com/research Contents Purpose.. 1 Introduction to Essay Books .. 1 Impact of Essay Books .. Inaccuracy 4 Grandiloquence/bombast (long words) . 5 Exaggeration .. 6 Repetition . 7 Oversimplification /Over-Generalisation. Obscurity/Obsolescence .. 9 Waffle.. 10 Pointlessness 12 Tackling ‘Essay Book Style’ 14 Introductions 15 Reasoning.. 16 Conclusions .. 17 Overcoming Bad Essay Writing Habits . 18 Epilogue: In Praise of Banglish Essays.. 19 Bibliography. 21 Appendix: Some Essays . 2 Purpose This paper is intended primarily for English teachers in Bangladesh who wish to improve their students’ essay writing. After introducing Bangladeshi essay books, it describes their main flaws, places them in context and suggests methods for helping students whose English has been affected. Introduction to Essay Books Books of model rochona (essays) have been a staple tool of English teaching in Bangladesh for decades. These essays are formulaic compositions of about 250 words on a fairly narrow range of stock topics. The majority of these are perennial favourites with wide applicability, such as My School, A Tea Stall, My Daily life, Blessings of Modern Science, The autobiography of a river1, The Necessity of The Value of Time. Bangladesh specific topics are also popular, such as Rural Development of Bangladesh, Arsenic Pollution, The International Mother Language Day, Care taker Government, The War Liberation of Bangladesh. Some variety is brought to the mix by a range of more modern topics: The world cup football – 98, Internet, Women’s Contribution to our Country, Dish-Anteena. These essays have a flavour all of their own, so if you are not yet familiar with Bangladeshi Essay books, try reading a few from the appendix of this paper. Due to the high volume of errors in Bangladeshi Essays, this paper will not follow use ‘(sic. )’ to alert the reader to deliberately quoted mistakes, since their prevalence would prove disturbing to the reader. Efforts have been made to quote the Bangladesh essays faithfully, errors and all. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 1 1 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Impact of Essay Books Mass producing fixed length essays on a narrow set of topics may seem logical to the command hierarchy of business, but such an activity undermines the essay as a means of self-expression by the individual. The low quality, mass produced nature of most Bangladeshi Essay books does at least warn the reader of the devalued and deadened the material they contain. Nevertheless, parents, teachers and publishers alike encourage students to learn these essays by rote, especially for examinations. Bangladeshi English exams typically ask for an essay of at least 200 words on one of the standard essay book titles. For students with a natural aversion to rote learning, books have a variety of other strategies to encourage the use of essays as models. One such is to present questions and answers one below the other, a common feature of Bangladeshi school textbooks: â€Å"Write a paragraph about your idea of a good teacher. Think of a particular teacher you have known. In your paragraph include the following points. ? Kescribe some of his qualities, ? specially his behaviour with the students, ? his general nature, and ? ow he helps the students with their lessons My Idea of a Good Teacher A good teacher is the person who is committed to work for building a nation. I know a good teacher named Mr. N. Haq. His is B. A. B-Ed. He is fond of his young children. An ideal or a good teacher is fond of his young learners and helpful to them in making their lesson interesting and preparing their house work. He always keeps them busy in the class and helps them enjoying playful games too. He or she advises them to follow the foot prints of the great mean. Teaching is a noble and honourable profession and he lives ideal lives. Note how the subject shifts from a particular teacher (supposedly chosen by the student) to the general case of ‘an ideal teacher’. The real and the imaginary are blurred, a recurring phenomenon of ‘personal accounts’. Another section of this book is entitled ‘Writing paragraph Using Key Words’: Write a paragraph about â€Å"your best friend in the class. † In your paragraph you must include the following key words: Kamal Neglect Sit listen Polite helpful understand Try turn Model 3 Inclusion of the proper name ‘Kamal’ gives a clue as to the amount of personal input expected from students. The ‘Accordance with the given model’ section demonstrates to students how to produce an essay on a supposedly personal topic without making any semantic modification of one of the prepared essays: 2 3 p. 7 (Paragraph 13, My Idea Of A Good Teacher), Mannan p. 69 (Paragraph 20, Your best friend in Class), Mannan Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 2 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Read the following paragraph about â€Å"Kamal’s Hobby† and follow it to write a paragraph about â€Å"Your Hobby† MODEL: Kamal’s Hobby Kamal is a student. He has a hobby of his own. It is gardening. It is his favourite hobby. He spends his leisure time is his garden. Every early in the morning he goes to his garden. He looses the soil with a spade and weeds out the grasses and then waters the little plants. He also puts fence around his garden so that children and cattle can do no harm to the garden. Every morning his minds fills in joy to see the garden full of various kinds of flowers. Besides, the work, which he does in his garden, helps to make his body strong and active. My Hobby I have a hobby my own. It is gardening. It is my favourite hobby. I spend my leisure time in my garden. Every early in the morning I go to my garden. I loose the soil with a spade and weed out the grasses and then I water the little plants. I also put fence around my garden so that children and cattle can do no harm to the garden. Every morning my mind fills in joy to see the garden full of various kinds of flowers. Besides, the work, which I do in my garden, helps to make my body strong and active. 4 Repeated from an early age, such base exercises undermine students’ perception of essays, removing the essential value from writing, degrading it to a purely technical exercise. Many students have a similarly subverted perception of what it means to learn English – as an activity which requires no creativity and offers no scope for self-expression. Although most essay books have a nominal indication of the level, precious little difference is obvious aside from progression in vocabulary. Unlike those from Kolkata 5 or further afield, the language and spelling of Bangladeshi essay books of all levels is very variable, but even the most accurate are rife with minor errors such as misspelled words, missing articles or capitals letters, incorrect pronouns etc. Such errors are normally referred to as ‘careless mistakes’, although in this case they may stem from lack not only of care but also of exposure to conventional English. In the absence of access to material produced by native speakers6, ‘essay book style’ is an almost universal feature of Bangladeshi students’ written English. It has a host of interrelated aspects, of which we shall look in depth at the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Inaccuracy Grandiloquence (big words) Exaggeration Repetition Oversimplification/Overgeneralization Obscurity/Obsolescence Waffle Pointlessness 5 p. 87 (Accordance with Given Model 7 , From Kamal’s Hobby to my Hobby), Mannan Whilst their style is reminiscent of Bangladeshi essay books, the grammar of those from Kolkata are far superior. Many of them are often almost completely free of grammatical mistakes. 6 Internet usage rates in Bangladesh are very low but rapidly incr easing. It will be interesting to see whether this will significantly affect students’ English. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 3 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Inaccuracy The language and material of the essays suggests that some were originally written prior to the 20th century. If re-copied every few years since then, this would amount to dozens of copyings, not necessarily even by English speakers. Mistaken transcription and correction are a pair of processes that, unchecked, gradually devolve essays to a lowest common denominator, explaining the prevalence of errors, particularly spelling mistakes and the omission of small words etc. The practice of writing a thing is a good way of knowing a subject and a language. Because writing makes a man perfect. 7 Perhaps the commonest errors in Bengali English are omitted articles or prepositions and incorrect sentence formation (e. g. sentences starting with ‘And’, ‘But’ or ‘Because’). See the essay on ‘Value of Time’ for a more spectacular demonstration of the same process. There was a terrible flood occurred in our locality in September-October, 3000. 8 Proofreading appears to be almost unknown. The complexity of grammar employed makes the transcription process error prone: All the greatmen of all ages earned name and fame by dint of perseverance. They might have come out successful again and again, but they did not lose heart. 9 Inaccurate transcription mutates words, as spelling errors are ‘corrected’ incorrectly. Sometimes it is possible to guess the original text; ‘Boring’ was probably ‘boredom’ in the below, a very common mistake in Bangladeshi English. In our boring television is our most favourite friend. 10 Mutation of words is not the only factor that creates contradictions. Crass oversimplification of is another. The second sentence, below, probably once began with the word ‘avoiding’: Unemployment is a great social evil. It is imperative for the peace and prosperity of social life. 11 Spellcheckers have sped up of the process of ‘correction’ of errors, and allowed it to be carried adding another sort of error to the mix: Measures should be taken against draught and heavy rainfalls. River beds should be depend against floods. †12 Automated ‘correction’ forms an unholy alliance with unusual grammar and grandiloquent expression to degenerate the original authors’ sentiment into a bizarre and tragic linguistic wreck. p. 36 (Essay 14, How To Learn English Well), Ullah p. 02 (Composition 26, The Flood Affected People of My Locality), Shahidul Islam 9 p. 119 (Essay 113, Perseverance), Bhattacharyya Hoque 10 p. 192 (Essay 11, Television), Mannan 11 p. 284 (Essay 91, Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh), Mannan 12 p. 148 (Essay 139, Grow More Food), Bhattacharyya Hoque 8 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 7 4 Jan 2006 Robin Upto n http:// www. RobinUpton. com â€Å"Seize the day†, cried Horace about two thousand years ago. But time and tide wait for none. Time passes and passes. Nobody can stop time’s ever-busty frigate for even a second. It passes away throwing everything into the dark mysterious cavern of the past. Yet, it can be made full use of. 13 Language learnt from essay books is used by subsequent generations of essay writers who have either looked up the denotation or grasped it intuitively, but who have no sense of its connotations. has given man various death-weapons like missiles, atomb bombs, various types of fire-arms, modern fighter-planes and what not. 14 The discussion on pointlessness mentions the topic of personal or commercial interests. Most essayists, however, have an agenda which extends little further than the bsolute necessity of school and essay books, subservience to authority and discipline in general. This seems to affect a lot of they write, even on apparently unrelated topics. Physical exercise means the movement of the limbs with the help of rules. 15 Facile topics in which the essayist is not really conveying any information promote sloppiness in thinking, while an overemphasis on gr ammar and vocabulary inevitably mean that less attention is paid to the exact meaning of what is written: Atom and hydrogen bombs are invented with the use of nuclear energy. 6 Grandiloquence/bombast (long words) Since vocabulary is the only significant linguistic progression evidenced by essay books, Bangladeshi learners of English are naturally keen to demonstrate proficiency in English by employing long words. These words are important if the illusion of progression is to be m aintained, ensuring that class VI students feel that they have moved on from class V when in fact there is generally little difference in other aspects of the essays, apart perhaps from volume of output. We are living in a fast changing environment. Everything old is being removed by the mighty gust of remorceless change. If we, for relevant reasons, want to survive and advance, we must keep up with the gorgeous procession of change toward ameleoration and development. 17 In one sense, of course, longer words do represent real progress – essay book users often have surprising abilities at comprehension. However, this striving for an appearance of competence is a cause of real problems. The long words in Bangladeshi Essay Books are often incorrectly spelled, of inappropriately high register, or have other problems such as unwanted connotations. Such swollen vocabularies often increase students’ comprehension at the expense of their ability to make themselves understood in speech (or sometimes, even in writing). Such verbiage is of little use to 13 p.? (Value of Time? ), Chowdhury Hossain? p. 131 (Essay 29, Is Science A Blessing or Curse? ), Zakir 15 p. 32 (Paragraph 25, Physical Exercise), Shahidul Islam 16 p. 568 ( The Wonders of Modern Science, The Blessings of Modern Science or Science in Everyday Life), Chowdhury Hossain 17 p. 245 (Essay 65, Mass Media), Zakir 14 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 5 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com those who flout conventions of grammar, collocation etc. At least as far as native English speakers are concerned, those raised on grandiloquent essay books sometimes lack the ability to make themselves understood not in spite of but because of their clumsily increased vocabularies. dispels the darkness of ignorance from the minds of his students and enkindles the light of education in them. 18 What is merely bizarre or quaint in written form can be unintelligible in speech, where foreign accents also hamper comprehension19. Whilst its effect on learners is mixed, grandiloquence is worse for the essays themselves, where it is frequently used to conceal other problems such as the shallowness or partisan nature of arguments. The path of success and victory is not only steep but also difficult and thorny. It is the crushed flower that gives forth the richests, sweetest, and rarest fragrance. pangs, sufferings, misfortunes and adversities sublimate our soul and ripen our judgement. 20 Some of the essayists are so poetic that to try to look too hard for logic may be to fundamentally misunderstand them, just as certain plot devices require a suspension of disbelief. Many essays are bombastic throughout, but especially so in the prescriptive rhetoric of conclusions. Everyone should keep himself aloof from inhuman, unsocial, irreligious works. Unlawful activities should be discouraged from all walks of life. The lady killer or lady hunter should be severely punished and fined at any cost. Everybody’s target should be to build up a fine heritage of lofty idealisms. 21 Exaggeration Exaggeration sometimes occurs almost accidentally from the casual use of language: We can not live even for a single second without air. 2 It is often mixed with over-generalisation in a desperate effort to add interest to the bland essays on uninspiring topics. If we use properly, it can bring infinite good for us. 23 Whilst obvious out of context, wild exaggeration is a natural property of the oversimplification and bombast that is such a common feature of Bangladeshi essays. It is common at the end of paragraphs, as if the writer uses the preceding sentences to work himself up into a fervour, and especially common in concluding statements of an essay. p.? (? ), Chowdhury Hossain? The commonest sound in English, the schawa, is unknown to most Bangladeshis, in whose language it does not feature. 20 p. 329 (Essay 163, Sweet are the uses of Aversity), Rohel 21 p. 235 (Essay 115, Violence Syndrom in the World), Rohel 22 p. 252 (Essay 17, Air Pollution), Bhattacharyya Hoque 23 p. 43 (Essay 24, The Use of Radio in our Day to Day Life), Ullah 19 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 18 6 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com With the help of computer we can solve any complex problem within a minute or two. In our modern life we canno’t think of a day without it. It is not a fashion but a necessity. 24 It is at its most pronounced when advancing the interests behind the essay books, such as the necessity of obedience to the social order in general, and the importance of school in particular. Patriotism is pure love. It is more than human love for other individual human beings. 25 Repetition Of all the stylistic weaknesses of essay book style, repetition is the most obvious for Bangladeshis to spot and the easiest for them to correct. The more repetitive an essay is, the easier it is to learn off by heart, so the more popular with students and teachers alike. Like waffle, repetition stems mainly from the artificial construct of having to write a minimum number of grammatically correct words, of never being corrected on style, and of having nothing of moment to say in the first place. Tutul, you want to start a poultry farm. So you have to do something to start a poultry farm. At first you should take a training on poultry farm. There are many training centre under the â€Å"Juba Unnayan Sangstha†. You may visit one of those. Then you have to manage some money for attending the training. Next you will need some more money to start a poultry farm and then you may contact with the Agricultural bank for a loan. After that you can start a poultry farm with the money given by the Agricultural bank. Finally, after establishing you poultry farm up to a good position you have to pay the loan. 26 Repetition is rarely as blatant as the above. In fact, grandiloquent paraphrasing is often used to hide it from the uncritical reader. Occasionally however, entire sentences are repeated verbatim in the course of an essay. Such cases of provide a useful chance to check the accuracy of the copying; note below how careless transcription has changed ‘lost time’ at the first mention into ‘loss time’ in the second, and a comma has mutated into a full stop: We can make up the loss of money by industry, the loss of health by medicine, but the loss of time is never found again. Everybody ought to make proper use of time. Because lost time is never found again. We can make up the loss of money by industry, the loss of health by medicine. But loss time is never found again. An active man is conscious of the proper use of time. It is sure that he who makes proper use of time is sure to prosper in life. We should not misuse time. Because the misuse of time would be a great loss for life. We must, therefore, make the right use of time. Success in life depends on the right use of time. An industrious man, who does not loss time, is sure to reach of the goal of life. 27 Repeated words or syllables, such as shonge shonge, khaowar daowar or fushpush are a regular and welcome part of the melody of Bengali, so the native speaker may well not realise that such repetitions usually create a negative impression in English. The desire to pack sentences with long words naturally leads to complicated and repetitive expression of simple ideas: Bangladesh can never develop with her rural areas undeveloped or underdeveloped. 28 p. 21 (Essay 47, Learning Computer Education), Shahidul Islam p. 74 (Essay 12, Patriotism), Zakir 26 p. 96 (Methodological Paragraph 13, Training on a Poultry Farm), Mannan 27 p. 196 (Value of Time), Mannan 28 p.? (Development of Bangladesh? ), Zakir Hasan? 25 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 24 7 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Oversimplification /Over-Generalisation Complex issues are best discussed with language capable of framing debate and communicating chains of thought in sufficient detail. Doing this in simple sentences is not easy. To argue that the language itself presents sufficient challenge, and that young learners should not also be presented with interesting content at the same time is to believe that the two can successfully be separated. Tree plantation means planting trees more and more. Trees are very essential for our existence. We cannot think of our existence without trees. The Samurai: Warrior and Ruler of Ancient Japan EssaySchooled in academic hothouses themselves, most teachers identify academic success with rote learning for old style exams. Few have the imagination needed to conceive of what education might mean outside of this framework, far less the courage to try it out in a traditional culture hostile to such radical reformist notions. Students who have spent a lot of effort memorising Bangladeshi essays may feel a commitment to them, so sensitivity is required when raising the issue of their shortcomings. Ironically, you may find the traditional Bengali notion that ‘today’s teacher is always right’ gives you authority to challenge these sacred cows. However, do not underestimate the difficulty of awakening the scepticism and critical thinking needed to overcome years of indoctrination and begin to see essay books in a new light. Memorising essays maybe as boring as it is demeaning, but it is also not intellectually demanding. An adept choice of topics should help lead students away from old habits of relying on stock formulae from half-remembered essays. The range of essay book titles is not broad, so familiarising yourself with it should help you avoid inadvertently setting a trap for your students by giving them a topic reminiscent of one they have learnt off by heart. In general, personal and contemporary topics are more likely to lead them away from regurgitation of old material and towards the potentially exciting new area of their own creative thinking. 54 55 pp. 296-297 (Essay 84, The Status of Teaching and Learning English in Bangladesh), Zakir The same essay claims that â€Å"lakhs of coaching centres†¦ are offering various courses in English. † Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 14 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Introductions The general approach of the Bangladeshi essay book separates the form of essays from their function. One reflection of the essential pointlessness of these essays is the stilted nature of their introductions. With no target audience, ‘introducing the topic’ becomes a nonsense. A standard recourse exists for topics which consist of more than one word. This is to fall back on a trivial syntactic discussion: The morning in the winter seasons is called winter morning. 56 This formula for padding out introductions is standard, even if it has minimal explanatory power or if the meaning of the topic has already been clearly explained. Load shedding means discontinuations of the supply of electricity. It is a process taken by the authority to shed the load of the electricity. 57 Quite often its triviality is covered by an exaggerated veneer of self-important verbiage. A reading room plays a vital role in the life of an educated person. Specifically, it is mostly essential for the students. Without a reading room, a student cannot go on studying in a planned manner. Now, what is a reading room? A reading room is a specially separate room for a learner where he can persue his studies to meet his thirst of knowledge. The importance of a reading room cannot be denied. Reading makes a man perfect. And it is the reading room that parves the way for studies, studies instill in human being the quality of humanity. Without humanity a man is not a man in the reaj sense of the term. So, a reading room for every human being is a must. 58 This bombast covers over the waffle that besets these essays. Whilst lacking somewhat in coherence, such introductions do at least give a flavour of the peculiar style that is to follow. The world is a global village. It has an environment with many disasters. Human beings are members of this globe. They want to have their suitable, natural and happy existence here in the global world. The threat is prodigious that a singl country cannot tackle it. The world is well aware of it and various measures are under way to cope up with any unforeseen disaster. 59 To the native speaker, such a formulation is as pompous and cliched as it is unclear, but to an audience of aspiring young English students, schooled on essay books and hungry to increase their vocabulary, it is right on target. 56 57 p. 16 (Paragraph 28, A Winter Morning), Mannan p. 9 (Paragraph 24, Load Shedding), Mannan 58 p.? (Essay? , Reading Room? ), Chowdhury Hossain? 59 p. 273 (Essay 136, A Threat to Global Security), Rohel Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 15 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Reasoning Bangladeshi Essay books make efforts to follow the external appearance of English essays, whilst the reality of their s ubstance is often degraded. The convention of writing in paragraphs, for example, is obeyed, but the paragraphs themselves often lack both coherence and logic. This aspect of essay book style is so insidious that heavy exposure to essay books can render the native speaker almost insensitive to it, since the natural tendency is to adjust ones expectations. One Bangladeshi commentator makes the following helpful, if exaggerated remark about his compatriots’ style: When they write any composition, they simply heap up their sentences in a jumbled way. As a result, their composition always lacks in coherence. In fact, a composition is not a haphazard string of unrelated sentences60. AIDS is spreading like jungle fire all over the world and is taking its toll. The youngsters of today are getting themselves addicted to drugs and pre-marital sex. Women are also falling victims to this fatal and deadly disease for illegal sexual intercourse with others. Lack of sexual knowledge is also responsible for AIDS. It is hard to cure AIDS. 61 Sometimes the essayist’s craft is so debased that it is hard to tell whether or not a logical argument is actually being put forward. Trees have a great impact on climate. A country needs trees to ensure a cool and healthy climate for her people. They induce rains and prevent air pollution. An area devoid of forests and trees will go barren and turn into a desert in course of time. 62 Other essays have a much more fluent structure of reasoning, with sentences that flow together and even exhibit some notion of balance, or of a connection between syntax and semantics. The following example is one such, most unusual in its convincing use of a rhetorical question: Naturally, man is thirsty for peace. He believes in peace. Yet why do ways take place. Yet why do wars take place? Maybe man acquired some amount of beastliness from the struggles he had to do with wild animals and natural calamities in the ancient times. Or maybe some people are inherently beastlike by birth. But whatever the reason, though they want to disguise their beastlike nature under the costumes of modern education etiquettes and modesty, their real nature at times get disclosed. Then we see the primitive intransigent beast in him. Such people are always fond of destruction games. And war is an inevitable consequent of their wilful thoughts and desires. 63 Unusual fluency of sentences notwithstanding, one senses that the author may be less concerned with expounding a logical argument than with the use of language for its own sake. This is a recurring theme of the Bangladeshi essay. p. i (Preface), Jaharul Islam p. 313 (Essay 154, AIDS – A deadly Disease), Rohel 62 p. 50 (Composition 36, The Importance Of Trees In Our Life), Ullah 63 p. 163 (Essay 59, War and Peace), Zakir 61 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 60 16 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Conclusions Bengali culture does not favour the admission of failure or ignorance, so it is unsurprising that reservations are unusual and open questions are extremely rare in Bangladeshi essays. As a consequence, wishful thinking and – sometimes charmingly naive – oversimplifications abound in the concluding sections of essay books. Only a few steps can save the country from the curse of traffic jam. By appointing more but sufficient traffic police, applying strict traffic rules, allowing licenced vehicles and expart drivers, making sufficient road, traffic jam can be solved. 64 Echoing the essays themselves, conclusions are definitive and display an optimistic mood. No story is too complex to be told within a couple of pages, no mystery too difficult to be solved. The preferred content for conclusions is a summary of opinions to be held and actions to be performed. The traditional style is so bombastic as to be more reminiscent of political rhetoric, as if the writer were concluding a rousing speech, exhorting listeners to selfless furtherance of the greater good. To conclude the roles of women in child development are crying needs. So they should be allowed to develop themselves and their posterity will take over the reigns of the land and the nation. We can under no circumstances neglect or deny the role of a woman in child development. 5 Such admonishments are rarely found at the end of simple personal accounts, where generalisation provides an alternative to such opinionated rhetoric. Summarising the main body of the essay is less important than the use of climactic language. The ‘Journey By Bus’ essay starts with the claim that â€Å"Bus is a wonderful invention of science and technology66† but provides no further ref erence to this until the conclusion: A journey by bus is both interesting and pleasing. It is not so costly. It is the speedy vehicle on land. People can go to their goals so easily by bus. It is a blessing of science. However, the impact of the journey will remain ever fresh in my mind. 67 Their occurrence as titles of other essays explains the writers’ predilection for certain words and phrases. Conclusions, alas, are not free of the low level of waffle that is such a feature of Bangladeshi essays. It is the loveliest of all the seasons, so visiting my village during the rainy season I enjoyed a journey by boat from one place to another. 8 The final sentence of conclusions is somewhat less random than the others. Bangladeshi English letters use a range of highly formal (and generally archaic) structures, and are often in the same books as English essays. The assumption therefore, that essays must be concluded in a similarly formulaic fashion is as natural as it is fallacious. This visit to the moon will remain refresh in my memory for ever. 69 64 65 p. 270? (E ssay ? , Traffic Jam) , Chowdhury Hossain? p. 246 (Essay 121, The Role of Women in Child Development), Rohel 66 p. 5 (Essay 8, A Journey by Bus), Rohel 67 p. 16 (Essay 8, A Journey by Bus), Rohel 68 p. 31 (Paragraph 24, The Rainy Season), Shahidul Islam 69 p. 2 (Paragraph 1, Visit to the Moon), Shahidul Islam Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 17 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com The most common concluding sentence for personal narrative is about how fresh the memory will stay in the writer’s mind. The journey in my heart I bore. It gave me much pleasure. It was one of the most memorable days in my life indeed. 0 Minor variations on this theme are allowed. The next essay in the book features a token effort in this direction: The journey in my heart I bore. It gave me much pleasure. It gave me much pleasure. Indeed it was one of the most memorable days in my life. 71 Overcoming Bad Essay Writing Habits Rote learning o f incorrect essays means that inaccuracy is one of the hardest of the bad habits to break. A lot of effort and exposure to authentic language will be needed if learners are to overcome inaccuracy ingrained by a childhood exposed to highly inaccurate English. One positive side effect f emphasising accuracy is that this may serve to stem writers’ love of grandiloquence. This, together with exaggeration stems in part from frustration with the menial nature of the task, from its essential pointlessness. Escaping somewhat from the academic framework is absolutely necessary here; if the work done has no function external to the student-teacher relationship, its artificiality will inevitably frustrate any efforts to imbue it with real meaning. The phrase ‘target audience’ is almost unknown, but will occur naturally once work done is enlivened with any purpose other than mere training and grading of students. Since this requires relationships with life outside of the educational institution, systematic advice on this would be unhelpful. Instead, I offer an example: I encouraged my students to develop material of practical benefit for foreigners, so that I could post it on the Internet72. When writing from personal experience, students rarely use obsolete language, whilst obscurity too is not a great problem if they maintain an awareness of writing for a particular purpose, rather than writing for its own sake. If motivated to do so, such as by imposing a maximum word limit, repetition is one of the easiest problems for students to detect and tackle. The need to combine repetitive sentences can provide a good motivation for grammatical teaching, giving students practical techniques with which to start to overcome bad habits. Waffle is another obvious consequence of the minimum word limit, so a natural approach is to set a maximum rather than a minimum length (provided, of course, that the problem of pointlessness has been tackled). Careful, critical reading exposes the oversimplification and overgeneralization in which so many Bengali essays are steeped. The essays are especially dishonest about schooling and order in general, so a couple of more crass examples should serve to alert students to the need to correct such problems in their own writing. 70 p. 564 ( A Journey by Boat), Chowdhury Hossain p. 565 ( A Journey by Train), Chowdhury Hossain 72 At www. bdesh. info 71 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 18 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com The lives of all great men teach us to be punctual and do our respective duties in proper time. 73 Such habits will undoubtedly persist as long as students aim to write essays not to accurately reflect reality, but to cover over its less palatable aspects. These matters are far from straightforward. Bengalis may be slow to grasp that whilst it may be embarrassing to admit that a truth is of limited use, it is still generally preferred in English essay writing that making exaggerated claims of its validity. The language of qualification is an essential tool to accompany such critical thinking. If they can begin to say ‘one reason’ instead of ‘the reason’, and to insert warning phrases such as ‘mostly’, ‘generally’ etc. students are a long way towards tackling problems of oversimplification and sweeping generalisation so common in their essays. In Praise of Banglish Essays After such a criticism of Bangladesh essays, I am motivated to write a little something in their favour. In spite of their many problems, many possess a peculiar charm. Aping Bangladeshi society as a whole, attitudes to things modern and Western are often appallingly credulous and n aive. However, Bengali discourse on topics such as the family or community, even in English, sometimes exudes a robustness and coherency no longer evident in ‘developed’ countries. My village is not an ideal village, but day by day its economic and socio-cultural conditions are improving. The memory of my childhood is inseparably tied with every aspect of that village, especially with the nourishing nature and tonic environment. That is why I love it with all its people very much. Above all, it is part of my life. 74 The shortcomings of the essay books all have their counterparts. Misspellings, for example, are only misspellings by dint of newfangled notions that words have to be spelled in one way75. Similarly, the oversimplification and inaccuracy of the Bangladeshi reflects a different world; the Western technocivilization project, to the Bengali, is needlessly complex and accurate. Some of the language in essay books is as creative and florid as it is superfluous, so its blanket condemnation as ‘waffle’ would be narrow minded and overly utilitarian. Just as surely as they shape the English of the next generation of Bangladeshis, essay books communicate the worldviews of the previous one. A collection of essay books of various vintages would reward the socio-linguist. The modifications made by Bengalis to texts originally written by English native speakers could provide a rich resource of information from which to observe a fusion of two cultures. The devoted visitor to Bangladesh will know of her people’s ability to sing about life, to experience it in a more visceral, less cerebral fashion than the typical Westerner. Whilst not easily captured in words at all, older rather than more modern English is certainly better suited for the task. It came into my sight that many other big and small birds were singing to greet the spring morning; with that melodious sound was mixing the rhythmic beats of the coconut leaves 73 74 p.? (Essay? , Punctuality), Chowdhury Hossain p. 90 (Essay 16, My Village), Zakir 75 In Bengali, quite a lot of words have two or more common spellings, just as they used to in English in centuries past. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 19 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com that were blithely quivering in the air. I realized the truth that spontaneity has a specific rhythm and rhyme of its own, and that natural emotion has a normal playful pace, though it behaves like a wayward butterfly flying in a not-so- strong whirlwind. I realized that it is a pleasure to sing out in unison with nature’s concert. I was beyond myself with ecstatic feeling. I was only moving my eyes around, spell-bound, New sight adorned the environment all around. There was a jovial vivacity in the eyes. I saw that innumerable bees were sharing amorous hugs with thousands of wild flowers. Will they only gather honey today? No. Perhaps some purposeless merry-making tickled them much during that golden morning. 76 Amidst the poorly printed, inaccurately copied pages of Bangladeshi essay books lurk thoughts that are unusual, even fey to the Western mind. The English essay books of Bangladesh can never be fully understood in Western terms, and such a claim would be unworthy. Like the Banglish language itself, they have become a law unto themselves. 76 pp. 188 (Essay, A Spring Morning), Zakir Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 20 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Bibliography 1. The Status of Teaching and Learning English in Bangladesh, Zakir Hussain 2. A Handbook of Paragraph Writing, Jaharul Islam, Aligraph Library, Dhaka, 2000. 3. Selected Essays for Stedents of Degree (Pass and Subsidiary) O Level, Intermediate and BCS Exams (S. M. Zakir), 4th Edition, September 2003, Gyankosh Prokashoni, Dhaka 4. Selected Essays for Advanced Learners (Md. Safiur Rahman), 2nd Edition, October 2004, Rohel Publications, Dhaka. 5. Computer 300 Words Compositions, Letters Unseens for classes IX-X (M. Shahidul Islam), Revised Edition, January 2004, Mizan Library, Dhaka 6. Essential Essay Letter Application Paragraph (M. A. Mannan), Mousumi Prokahoni, Dhaka 7. A Potential Communicative English Grammar Composition for Classes-IX X (Md. Khalil Ullah), 5th Edition, March 2005, Shupti Prokashoni, Dhaka 8. My Essays and letters, with Paragraph Writing Comprehension 250 Words, (P. C. Bhattacharyya Md. Nurul Hoque), Revised and Enlarged New Edition, Students’ Library, Barisal Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 21 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Appendix: Some Essays From Bangladeshi Essay Books A Spring Morning 77 Normally, I do not become much astonished or thrilled at anything when I get up from bed, get tickled by no extraordinary emotional appeal. Because as soon as I rise up, I loose my dreams; even the remotest feeling of dreams wither away at the presance of too much consciousness. But as soon as I woke up the o ther morning, I was startled. what an extraordinary feeling! Though I woke up, my dreams, as it Were, were not gone. Various birds were chittering all around, doves were cooing, cuckoos calling from amidst undetectably covered branches of trees. New leaves were visible suring the winter. There was a smell of warmth in the air. Something seemed to have touched my heart, my dreams, my imagination. I breathed out spontaneously: O, what is this? Mysterious